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Priority Health Topic: Environmental Health


Background & History

Ensuring clean water in homes and providing water fluoridation in communities across Alaska are two essential services that prevent illness and address health disparities. Community water fluoridation prevents cavities effectively across all socioeconomic groups and helps to reduce cavities in children and adults in the United States by about 25%. In Alaska, as of 2016, only 42.3% of the population had access to optimally fluoridated water compared to 73% of the United States. According to the most recent HA2020 scorecards, the percentage of the population with water fluoridation had not met the target of 58% and has decreased from the 2010 baseline of 54.8%.

Water and sewer systems in homes are necessary to decrease incidence rates of infectious diseases by creating easier access to clean water for washing hands, bathing, laundry, washing dishes, and overall keeping the home clean. Having clean water and wastewater services was stated as an important issue of concern by the respondents of the State Health Assessment survey. According to the most recent HA2020 scorecard, there has been progress toward the target of 87% of rural serviceable housing units having water and sewer services. As of 2019, 85% of rural serviceable housing units had water and sewer services.

The HA2030 teams decided to keep both environmental health objectives for the HA2030 plan because they are effective at preventing disease and addressing health disparities in rural communities. Both objectives still need improvement over the next decade and have key partners across the state working to address them through the strategy and action steps outlined in the State Health Improvement Plan.

Objective 2: Increase the percentage of rural community housing units with water and sewer services

Target: 90%

Strategy 1: Establish sustainable water and sanitation services in communities where homes are unserved or underserved.

Access to safe water in sufficient quantities is essential for drinking, cooking, sanitation and hygiene. This essential service is recognized as a basic health need by the World Health Organization and improving access is one of the key Sustainable Development Goals tracked by the United Nations. Despite substantial progress, Alaska ranks last among US States in the percentage of homes with water and sewer service. Many published studies in Alaska have shown that persons of all ages who live without adequate access to water and sewer services have higher rates of infectious diseases, including respiratory infections such as pneumonia, skin infections such as boils, invasive bacterial infections such as meningitis and infectious diarrhea. Improving access to in-home water and sewer services has been shown to reduce rates of these infections in rural Alaska.

Sources:

  • World Health Organization’s materials on water and sanitation services: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/en/
  • Sustainable Development Goal #6: “access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all”: https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030-goal6.html
  • Scientific publications on water and sanitation and health in Alaska: https://dec.alaska.gov/water/water-sewer-challenge/resources/health-running-water/

Action Step 1

ActionComplete currently resourced or (ongoing) water and sewer projects.
MeasureMeasured annually through the IHS Sanitation Tracking and Reporting System
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, (ADEC) Division of Water (DOW)
• Tribal Health Organizations (THOs)
• Rural Communities
• Indian Health Service (IHS)
• USDA Rural Development (USDA RD)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Action Step 2

ActionAdvocate for funding to complete water and sanitation projects in unserved and underserved communities.
MeasureMeasured annually through report of funded projects from ANTHC and ADEC DOW.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, (ADEC) Division of Water (DOW)
• Tribal Health Organizations (THOs)
• Rural Communities
• ADEC Remote Maintenance Workers (RMW) Grant Program and RMW Grantees
• Indian Health Service (IHS)
• USDA Rural Development (USDA RD)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Alaska Native Health Board
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Action Step 3

ActionPromote best practices for improving coordinated data collection, analysis and dissemination as it pertains to adequate water service at the local, state and regional level.

As part of this action step, create measure to document progress.
MeasureMeasure will be collaboratively developed to document progress related to improving coordinated data collection, analysis and dissemination.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC)
• Tribal Health Organizations (THOs)
• Rural Communities
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Strategy 2: Promote value engineering and alternative construction methods that may allow for more homes to be fully served with existing funding; prioritize projects that will provide adequate quantities of affordable water and sanitation services to unserved homes.

In rural Alaska, community-wide piped systems and vehicle haul systems are increasingly expensive to construct, maintain and replace. Many communities cannot afford the high operation and maintenance costs associated with piped or haul systems. Current funding is not adequate to serve remaining homes or to make the improvements required for healthy living. New technologies and engineering approaches are needed to achieve the goal of water and sanitation service for all homes. A 2018 GAO report on drinking water and wastewater infrastructure found that “Indian Health Service’s process for selecting projects can discourage funding some projects that address the most severe sanitation deficiencies, especially those with a relatively high cost per home. As a result, some projects to serve homes without water infrastructure can remain unfunded for many years.”

Sources:

  • https://dec.alaska.gov/water/water-sewer-challenge/frequently-asked-questions/#c
  • https://arctic.gov/water-san/background.html
  • https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-18-309

Action Step 1

ActionComplete the Alaska Water and Sewer Challenge to identify technologic approaches that could result in increases in water/sewer services in rural Alaska.
MeasureReport from the ADEC DOW Village Safe Water (VSW) program
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, (ADEC) Division of Water (DOW)
• University of Alaska, Anchorage
• DOWL Alaska
• Summit Consulting Services
• US Arctic Research Commission

Action Step 2

ActionPrioritize first-time service among unserved and underserved communities.
MeasureAnnual funded project lists provided by partners.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, (ADEC) Division of Water (DOW)
• Tribal Health Organizations (THOs)
• Rural Communities
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• USDA Rural Development (USDA RD)
• Indian Health Service (IHS)
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Action Step 3

ActionContinue to research, develop, implement and measure the success of alternative methods of water delivery for unserved communities.
MeasureAnnual funded project list from the ADEC DOW Village Safe Water Program.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, (ADEC) Division of Water (DOW)
• Tribal Health Organizations (THOs)
• Rural Communities
• CDC Arctic Investigations Program
• University of Alaska, College of Health
• ANTHC EpiCenter
• ANTHC Clinical Research Services
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Strategy 3: Ensure homes with existing water and sanitation services continue to function.

Much of the water and sanitation infrastructure in rural Alaska needs major repair or replacement. This need, and the lack of access to in-home services, has created conditions of water insecurity and scarcity in some communities. Some systems are at the end of their expected engineered lifespan, whereas others are threatened by a combination of factors such as permafrost thaw, erosion and flooding. These are expected to worsen with climate warming and will increase costs. Maintaining and supporting community capacity to operate and maintain systems is an ongoing challenge.

Sources:

  • Living in utility scarcity: energy and water insecurity in Northwest Alaska. Eichelberger LP, Am J Public Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866609/
  • Climate change damages to Alaska public infrastructure and the economics of proactive adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/12/20/1611056113
  • 4th National Climate Assessment, Alaska Chapter. https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/26/

Action Step 1

ActionSupport and enhance operations and maintenance of rural water/sewer systems.
MeasureEngage local community leaders and technical assistance providers from rural communities to develop simple sustainable sanitation facility infrastructure.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Tribal Utility Services
• Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative (ARUC)
• Remote Maintenance Workers Program (RMW)
• Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (DCCED) Rural Utilities Business Advisor Program (RUBA)
• THOs, Offices of Environmental Health
• Alaska Rural Water Association (ARWA)
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Action Step 2

ActionEngage local community leaders and technical assistance providers from rural communities to develop simple sustainable sanitation facility infrastructure.
MeasureAnnual reports from ADEC RMW Program, RUBA and ADEC DOW Village Safe Water Program.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Tribal Utility Services
• Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative (ARUC)
• Remote Maintenance Workers Program (RMW)
• Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (DCCED) Rural Utilities Business Advisor Program (RUBA)
• THOs, Offices of Environmental Health
• Alaska Rural Water Association (ARWA)
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Action Step 3

ActionAdvocate for programs and services that help reduce operational expenses for local water and wastewater utilities. (ie LUMP, ARUC, Northwest Arctic Borough’s Community Utility Assistance Program (CUAP)
MeasureRUBA can provide a report on the number of rural communities with a regional subsidy for water/sewer services.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC), Department of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Tribal Utility Services
• Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative (ARUC)
• Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development (DCCED) Rural Utilities Business Advisor Program (RUBA)
• THOs, Offices of Environmental Health
• Alaska Rural Water Association (ARWA)
• YKHC Office of Environmental Health & Engineering

Objective 3: Increase the percentage of the Alaska population served by community water systems with optimally fluoridated water

Target: 60%

Strategy 1: Maintain water fluoridation in communities with existing fluoridated community water systems

Fluoride is one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century according to the CDC. It is supported by the American Dental Association, the World Health Organization and other national and international health associations. The US Community Preventative Services Task Force lists water fluoridation as and evidence based practice to reduce dental decay.

Sources:

  • https://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Files/Fluoridation_Facts.pdf?la=en
  • https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/dental-caries-cavities-community-water-fluoridation

Action Step 1

Action• Monitor monthly fluoride levels in Alaska community water systems using fluoridation.
• Inform stakeholders when fluoridating systems are not meeting optimal criteria.
• Recognize optimally fluoridating water systems and operators with Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Community Water Fluoridation Quality Award certificates.
• Provide annual report to Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) State Synopses. Note: The Synopses website is a product of a cooperative agreement between the CDC and the ASTDD.
MeasureCombine information reported through the following sources to evaluate monthly fluoride levels in Alaska community water systems: Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS) and ASTDD.

Fluoridation information from the CDC can be accessed here.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Women’s, Children’s, and Family Health-Oral Health Program
• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Tribal Health Organization Environmental Health Offices/ Water Labs
• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Environmental Health, Drinking Water Program
• Water operators and local utilities

Action Step 2

ActionProvide educational information and respond to requests for information on community water fluoridation through presentations to health professionals, community stakeholders or policymakers.
MeasureActivities reported annually to Alaska Dental Action Coalition (ADAC) (request ADAC annual report) and Tribal Health Organization Dental Directors. Request dental director’s annual report.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Dental Action Coalition (ADAC)
• Tribal Health Organization Environmental Health and Dental Departments
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Women’s, Children’s, and Family Health, Oral Health Program
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Public Health Nursing
• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• University of Alaska, Division of Health Sciences
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Arctic Investigations Program
• Alaska Public Health Association (ALPHA)
• Alaska Dental Society/Private Dentists
• Alaska Dental Hygienist Association

Action Step 3

ActionRespond to community water system needs for equipment, shortages in fluoride products or testing supplies for fluoridating rural water systems.
MeasureAll records of purchases are maintained by ANTHC DEHE. Request report from ANTHC DEHE Fluoride Program Manager
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Rural Utility Supply Center
• Commercial Vendors of Fluoride equipment products and testing supplies

Action Step 4

ActionEnsure that currently fluoridating systems continue to have properly certified operators and increase the number of properly certified operators.
MeasureThis is measured annually by the percentage of rural operators that have proper certification through Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) Operator Certification records.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) Operator Certification
• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health & Engineering (DEHE)
• Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative
• ADEC Remote Maintenance Worker Program
• Tribal Health Organization Environmental Health Offices

Strategy 2: Provide or promote information and resources that will help communities understand the value of water fluoridation in Alaska

Collecting and sharing information about the efficacy and costs savings associated with fluoridation is detailed by the Association of State and Territorial Dentists as an evidence-based best practice.

Sources:

  • Association of State & Territorial Dentists – Best Practices Project Section IV, # 4 https://www.astdd.org/bestpractices/BPAFluoridation.pdf

Action Step 1

ActionDevelop a water fluoridation work group to coordinate and implement fluoride promotion activities. Activities may include:
• Create community toolkits, and fact sheets,
• Create a broad interagency marketing campaign
• Create other educational materials for communities looking to implement or support community water fluoridation.

The following is a list of potential work group members:
• Tribal Health Organizations
• Private Dentists
• Alaska Dental Therapy Education Program (ADTEP)
• Children’s Advocacy Groups
• Legislators
• Rasmussen Foundation
• Alaska State Dental Hygienists Association
• Alaska Primary Care Association
• Alaska Public Health Association
• All Alaska Pediatric Partnership
• Alaska Commission on Aging
• RurAL Cap Head Start
MeasureMeeting minutes from the work group shared on the HA2030 website including count of activities that promote understanding and implementation of fluoridation programs in Alaskan communities.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• Alaska Dental Action Coalition
• ANTHC-Division of Environmental Health and Engineering
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Women’s, Children’s, and Family Health, Oral Health Program
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Public Health Nursing

Action Step 2

ActionProvide an annual update on the status of community water fluoridation at the Alaska Health Summit (ALPHA) and the annual meeting of the Tribal Health Organization Dental Meeting.
MeasureRecord of presentations provided by ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering program reports
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering

Action Step 3

ActionShare existing and support studies or projects, papers or bulletins that evaluate the health benefits such as, but not limited to, rates of dental decay on Alaskan populations of communities that are served with optimally fluoridated water vs those served with non-fluoridated water.

The following is a list of additional potential partners:
• CDC Arctic Investigations Program
• University of Alaska, College of Health
• Alaska Dental Therapy Education Program (ADTEP)
• ANTHC Epidemiology Center
• Southcentral Foundation
• American Fluoridation Society
• ANTHC Clinical Research Services
• Tribal Health Organizations
MeasureJournal articles, white papers, and bulletins collated and posted on State of Alaska Oral Health website.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Women’s, Children’s, and Family Health, Oral Health Program
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
• State of Alaska, Division of Public Health, Section of Public Health Nursing

Strategy 3: Initiate community water fluoridation in communities that are not currently fluoridating their community water systems

Fluoride is one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century according to the CDC. It is supported by the American Dental Association, the World Health Organization and other national and international health associations. The US Community Preventative Services Task Force lists water fluoridation as and evidence based practice to reduce dental decay.

Sources:

  • https://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Files/Fluoridation_Facts.pdf?la=en
  • https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/dental-caries-cavities-community-water-fluoridation

Action Step 1

ActionIncrease the number of Alaska communities that fluoridate their water.
MeasureThis can be tracked through Water Fluoridation Reporting System (WFRS) and Association of State & Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD)

CDC Fluoridation information that can be accessed by the general public can be found here.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering
• Alaska Dental Action Coalition
• ADEC Division of Water, Village Safe Water (VSW) Program
• Alaska Military Base Commanders or Coordinator for Water Quality on AK Bases
• Tribal Health Organizations
• Municipal Governments

Action Step 2

ActionIdentify decision-making bodies in Alaska to inform and re-inform about the health impact and cost savings water fluoridation could have in Alaska.
MeasureList created and reported to Alaska Dental Action Coalition (ADAC), Alaska Tribal Health Organization Dental Directors and the Alaska Public Health Association.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering
• Alaska Dental Action Coalition
• State of Alaska, Department of Health & Social Services, Division of Public Health
• Tribal Health Organizations
• Other partners to be identified

Action Step 3

ActionInform decision-making bodies in Alaska about the importance and opportunities for positive dental outcomes and cost savings associated with water fluoridation.
• Cost savings can be detailed utilizing tools such as the CDC Health Economics tool. The cost savings tool can be found here: https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dpei/aip/dental-caries.html
MeasurePresentations and information provided to decision-making bodies will be reported to ADAC, the Tribal Health Organization Dental Directors and ALPHA. Reports: ADAC and Dental Director’s Annual Report
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering
• Alaska Dental Action Coalition
• State of Alaska, Department of Health and Human Service, Division of Public Health
• Tribal Health Organizations
• Other partners to be identified

Action Step 4

ActionMaintain active inventory of communities that would be suitable candidates for fluoridation. Eligibility status includes:
• Properly certified operator
• Regulatory compliance and system capacity
• Piped delivery
MeasureAnnual reports created by key partners and at ALPHA and Tribal Health Organization Dental Directors meetings.
Timeframe2020-2030
Key Partners• ADEC Operator Certification
• ANTHC Division of Environmental Health and Engineering
• ADEC Division of Water, Village Safe Water
• Tribal Health Organization Environmental Health Offices
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PDFs now available for 2024 scorecards

May 6, 2025

Healthy Alaskans releases first set of 2030 health improvement scorecards, issues final report, scorecards from 2020 plan

January 31, 2023

Healthy Alaskans releases scorecards assessing Alaska’s health progress for 2020 and a health improvement plan for 2030 that sets goals for the next decade

February 4, 2021

State Health Improvement Plan, Healthy Alaskans 2030 (HA2030), Draft for Public Comment Released

August 5, 2020

Healthy Alaskans 2030 Sets Framework for Alaska’s Health Goals; Strengthening communities and empowering individuals

January 22, 2020

Healthy Alaskans Co-Chairs

Cheley Grigsby

Deputy Director
Division of Public Health
State of Alaska Department of Health
Cheley.Grigsby@Alaska.gov

Annette Marley, MPH

Public Health Program Specialist III
Wellness and Prevention
Division of Community Health Services
Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
aamarley1@anthc.org
wellnessprevention1@anthc.org

Contact HA2030

Email: healthyalaskans@alaska.gov

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